Published Library Resources

This virtual library holds a wide range of urban forestry resources including: research abstracts and full text journal articles, trade magazine articles, CDs, other technology transfer resources, books (or chapters of books), patents, ordinances, theses and dissertations, and conference proceedings.

Empirical relationships between land use/ cover and stream water quality in an agricultural watershed

The purpose of this study was to examine the empirical relationships that existed between land use/cover patterns within the Salt Fork watershed and in stream nitrate-N and soluble reactive phosphorous concentrations, in the hopes of providing information to help in the formulation of ...

Effects of urbanization on water quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka Kansas, October 1993 through September 1995

A study of urban-related water-quality effects in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek in Topeka, Kansas, was conducted from October 1993 through September 1995. The purpose of this report is to assess the effects of urbanization on in stream concentrations of selected ...

Density and urban sprawl

This paper provides evidence that sprawl patterns of urban growth characterized by discontinuous development lead to higher densities in areas skipped over. This phenomenon, as shown by Ohls and Pines, Schmid, and Ottensmann, may be more efficient than policy-prescribed continuous urban ...

Carl Abbot's

The Portland, OR, area's urban growth boundary is an idea whose benefits to the region may depend on a willingness to expand the boundary occasionally. The parable contained in this comment suggests that the declared unwillingness to expand the urban growth boundary could have contributed to ...

Building smart-growth communities

 

Buffer strips to protect water supply reservoirs: A model and recommendations

Buffer strips are undisturbed, naturally vegetated zones around water supply reservoirs and their tributaries that are a recognized and integral aspect of watershed management. These strips can be very effective in protecting the quality of public potable water supply reservoirs by removing ...

Hawaii: Growth, government, and economy

Rapid growth of tourism and the decline of an agriculturally oriented economy in Hawaii have generated many political, social, and economic problems of significant interest to civil engineers-principally in the areas of land use, urban design, housing, and infrastructure. This paper describes the ...

Land use, climate and water supply

A Monte Carlo simulation experiment was conducted to explore the relationships between land use, climate, and water supply yields. A watershed stream flow and sediment yield model was coupled with a reservoir model and used to estimate storage-yield relationships for otherwise identical 5,000-ha ...

Land use and demographic change: Results from fast-growth counties

Population deconcentration has been the primary force shaping changes in urban land use in the United States since World War II (Long and DeAre 1983). The rate, causes, and effects of agricultural land ur-banization received much national attention in the early 1980s (Brown et al. 1982; Dillman and ...

Ground and surface water quality impacts of North Carolina sanitary landfills

Ground and surface water quality monitoring data from 71 municipal sanitary landfills in North Carolina were analyzed to determine the nature and extent of current contamination problems and identify any common characteristics associated with this contamination. A total of 322 surface and 411 ...

Geographic information systems in urban storm-water management

Increasing use of distributed, physically based urban storm water management models requires urban water managers to acquire, maintain, and utilize the extensive, spatially referenced data bases necessary to support these efforts. Geographic information systems (GIS) are ideally suited to ...

Forest policy and land use planning, trends in the United States

Dramatic changes in economic, political, and environmental systems in the United States are forcing re-evaluation of long-standing programs and policies for forest land management. New laws and intense public pressure demands that forest policy be integrated with comprehensive land use planning ...

Characteristics, attitudes and objectives of nonindustrial private forest owners in Eastern Oklahoma

A survey was conducted in the fall and winter of 1977-78 to identify the characteristics, management activities, objectives, and attitudes of nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners in Eastern Oklahoma. These owners control about 64 percent of the commercial forest land in the eastern portion of ...

A 'whole' lot of planning going on

 

Urban growth and the water regimen: Hydrological effects of urban growth

The continuing growth and concentration of population and industry in urban and suburban areas in recent decades has caused a complex merging of social, economic, and physical problems, The interrelationships of man and his use and development of the land and water resources is a particularly ...

Urban diffuse pollution: Sources and abatement

In the first half of this century, water-quality deterioration was associated with urbanization, particularly the opening up of point sources, which were industrial and commercial operations and sewage treatment plants that discharged wastewaters-treated and untreated-to surface-waters. By 1970, ...

Targeting the conservation reserve program to maximize water quality benefits

There is a growing desire on the part of environmental and conservation groups to see agricultural programs that remove cropland from production, or that require soil and input conservation, be used to protect or improve water quality. Such programs could become powerful tools for addressing an ...

Massachusetts: Managing a watershed

The Quabbin forest of central Massachusetts is the first barrier to contamination at the source of Boston's water supply. An interdisciplinary team is implementing an uneven aged management strategy to create a watershed protection forest that both ensures water quality and enhances site ...

What we know and don't know about water quality at stream crossings

Reduction of nonpoint source pollution of forest streams is a major issue in the forest products industry. Consequently, extensive research has been focused on documenting impacts of forest harvesting, road construction, and site preparation on water quality in forest streams. Researchers have ...

Water table management on a watershed scale

Channel water table control can improve water use efficiency within a watershed; reduce demands on other water sources to facilitate-irrigation; improve crop yields; and reduce the transport of fertilizer nutrients, in particular nitrogen, to sensitive receiving surface waters. The magnitude of the ...

Urbanization and stream quality impairment

A study was conducted in the Piedmont province of Maryland to determine if a relationship exists, between stream quality and the extent of watershed urbanization. During the first phase of a study 27 small watersheds, having similar characteristics but varied according to land use, ere ...

An assessment of the effect of urban development on groundwater levels in a chalk aquifer

Underlying the site of a proposed development is a chalk aquifer, groundwater levels are close to the surface. The storm water from the development is to be drained into a lake in the center of the development. Because of the high groundwater levels the effect of this lake has been studied by means ...

Smart growth, smart transportation: A new program to manage growth in Maryland

Transportation is indisputably one of the significant activities of governments on both sides of the Atlantic. Transportation provides critical personal mobility, lets economies blossom, shapes communities, and contributes to our overall quality of life. At the same time, it imposes harsh ...

Smart growth saves and strengthens

Smart growth needs to be tailored to the individual resources, spirit, and needs of the community. Local zoning ordinances often prevent rather than encourage town-centered development and mixed commercial and residential uses. Yet, many local governments can play a crucial role in bringing ...

Smart growth: Why local governments are taking a new approach to managing growth in their communities

Competing demands are a daily fact of life for local governments. Simultaneously maintaining great schools and low taxes, good transportation and clean air, rising property values and affordable housing are just a few of the balancing acts that local governments are expected to perform. The field ...

Smart growth: Builders are using reason and sound statistics to loosen the current strangle hold on growth

 

Septic tanks, lot size and pollution of water table aquifers

As the pollution potential of septic systems becomes more widely recognized, and as pollution by septic systems becomes more wide spread, pressure to develop and implement rational and effective standards will increase. At present, there is no uniform approach among regulatory agencies to setting ...

Septic tank setback distances: A way to minimize virus contamination of drinking water

Septic tanks are the most frequently reported causes of contamination in ground-water disease outbreaks associated with the consumption of untreated ground water in the United States. The placement of septic tanks is generally controlled by county-wide or state-wide regulations, with little ...

Septic tank density and ground-water contamination

As more and more cases of ground-water contamination are reported, the public has become increasingly aware of the importance of preserving the quality of this limited resource, especially in areas totally dependent on groundwater sources. Although most of the attention is focused on pollution by ...

Septic system problems on an urban fringe

As a result of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cost-effectiveness directives, tighter controls on local sewer funding, and increased demands for residential occupancy of rural lands, new interest has been generated in on-site waste treatment systems, particularly septic systems. The ...

Sawmill Creek- one of Maryland's targeted watershed projects

Currently most management and regulatory strategies address environmental impacts of individual land use practices. This project-by-project approach developed at a time when human activities were far less significant in Maryland. The Governor's Chesapeake Bay Work Group has recognized that this ...

Rural landscape planning

 

The Portland region: Where city and suburbs talk to each other and often agree

Portland, OR, is often cited as an example of successful regional governance and planning. The metropolitan area appears to match many of the precepts of the popular "compact city" model of urban growth and to demonstrate the capacity of local and state government to shape growing metropolitan ...

The two rural Americas need more, not less planning

Over 140 years ago, the father of American design, Horatio Greenough, set down the main tenet of design: "Form follows function." In remote rural areas, small towns have essentially lost their former function as service centers and are withering away. In the rural-urban fringe, the sprawling form ...

Regional economic contributions of the forest-based industries in the South

Forest-based industries (including forestry) make substantial direct contributions to the economy of the South, as well as contributing to pleasant living conditions and environmental protection. As of 1992, about 633,000 persons were employed in forest-based industries, comprising 1.5 percent of ...

Professional disposition of wildland-urban interface recreation managers in Southern California: Policy implications for the USDA Forest Service

The professional disposition of USDA Forest Service recreation managers is reported from a study on the implementation of recreation policy on four southern California national forests. Inquiry focused on managers' education and training in recreation management, professional contacts related to ...

Effects of habitat disturbance on bird communities in riparian corridors

A study of two watersheds in Central Pennsylvania, an undisturbed, forested (reference) one and a partially disturbed (agricultural and residential) one, was used to analyze how agriculture and residential development of the riparian corridor affected species richness, abundance, and the structure ...

Behavioral conventions in higher density, day use wildland/urban recreation settings: A preliminary case study

This paper presents a study of users of a wildland/urban interface recreation setting in southern California. The area is a designated Forest Service picnic ground located on a perennial stream draining the southeast slopes of the Sill, Gabriel Mountains. At busy times use of the picnic ground may ...

Assessing urban growth management

Many states in the USA attempt to manage urban growth so that development is directed to urban areas equipped to accommodate development, and rural lands are preserved for resource and other non-urban uses. The state of Oregon is entering its third decade of what many commentators describe as the ...

Assessing growth management policy implementation

Many states in the United States attempt to manage urban growth so that development is directed to urban areas equipped to accommodate development and rural lands are preserved for resource and other non-urban uses. Oregon is entering its third decade of what many commentators describe as the ...

Land speculation and scattered development; failures in the urban fringe land market

This note presents data from a U.S. case study which shows that landowners holding their land out of the market and receiving an increase in value averaging $129 per acre a year were generating social costs of $1,360 per acre a year which they did not pay. This case study data is then analyzed to ...

Land pooling for resubdivision and new subdivision in Western Australia

Land pooling is a technique for the unified subdivision of separate private landholdings in urban fringe areas. Pooling projects are self-financing and the costs and profits of each project are shared between the participating landowners. It provides local governments with a powerful tool for ...

Is zoning a negative-sum game

The argument is presented in terms of a running example - a simple, hypothetical community with a fixed supply of land, many landowners, and a single developed land use. Zoning in the community merely limits development to some fraction of the total land supply. While the model is spare and the ...

Influence of ethnicity on recreation and natural environment use patterns: Managing recreation sites for ethnic and racial diversity

Management of natural environment sites is becoming increasingly complex because of the influx of urbanized society into wildland areas. This worldwide phenomenon impacts a wide range of countries. In southern California ethnicity is often a major factor influencing recreation site use and behavior ...

Improving the health of the urban forest, part II: From planting to politics

This article continues our quest for healthier urban forests. It looks at some of the practical things a community can do to improve the quality of trees purchased, outlining specifications for good nursery stock and providing some tips about the establishment of trees in urban areas. Finally, this ...

Improving the health of the urban forest, part I

The article that appeared in this section of the May/ June issue of AMERICAN FORESTS (see "The State of Our City Forests") surveyed the condition of trees in 20 cities. The conclusion of the study was that our urban forests are in a state of decline. For at least the last 10 years, trees have been ...

Patterns of development on the metropolitan fringe: Urban fringe expansion in Bangkok, Jakarta, and Santiago

This paper revisits the question of how best to characterize settlements on the metropolitan fringe of developing countries. We examine the socioeconomic composition and structure of such urban fringe settlements, using three, sets of household surveys undertaken in Bangkok (Thailand), Jakarta ...

Ordinances for the protection of surface water bodies: Septic systems, docks and other structures, wildlife corridors, sensitive aquatic habitats, vegetative buffer zones, and bank/shoreline stabilization

Local government can substantially protect surface water bodies by enacting and enforcing appropriate ordinances. As part of its Surface Water Improvement and Management (SWIM) Program. the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) in consultation with advisory committees developed a ...

Observations of species (plankton) environment relationships in urban aquatic ecosystems

The present study deals with the species environment relationships in urban and rural habitats in water bodies of the Madras City (Latitude 13005 N, Longitude 80018 E). Sampling was done from October to November and a total number of 71 samples were collected which includes different habitats of ...

NIPF tax incentives: Do they make a difference

Survey research is used to evaluate how property tax reductions affect the land-use practices and attitudes of nonindustrial private forest landowners in rural Tennessee. The comparison between participants and nonparticipants in the Tennessee Greenbelt program (rather than the determinants of ...

New development standards in the Puget Sound basin

The Puget Sound Water Quality Management Plan (PSWQMP) calls for all counties and cities in the Puget Sound drainage basin to adopt ordinances that require stormwater control for new development and redevelopment. Ordinances were to be adopted by July 1, 1994. The PSWQMP also directed the ...

Growth and urbanization of Mammoth Lakes, California and the issue of water quality as seen from a land manger's perspective

Generally, when one thinks of the U.S.D.A. Forest Service (Forest Service), the kinds of things that come to mind are timber harvest, livestock grazing, recreation management, or any one of a number of issues related to natural resources. Problems dealing with subjects like growth and urbanization ...

Forested wetlands in urbanizing landscapes

While the direct conversion of wetlands to urban and agricultural uses in Florida has been reduced in the past decade, there has been a noticeable decline in quality of wetlands throughout areas of rapid urbanization. This is attributed to changes in environmental conditions like hydrologic and ...

Communicating with urban recreational users

 

A GIS model for evaluation of water conservation strategies

Water management techniques for large river basins must account for temporal and spatial consumptive use patterns for a variety of vegetation, crop types, and soil/water surfaces for municipal, industrial and agricultural uses. The direct computation of evapotranspiration for nonagricultural ...

Hydrology of urban areas

The continuing growth and concentration of population and industry in urban and suburban areas in recent decades has caused a complex merging of social, economic and physical problems. The interrelationships of man and his use and development of the land and water resources are a particularly ...

The changing demography of multifamily rental housing

The residents of multifamily rental housing are different from both homeowners and single-family home renters, and these differences have implications for the housing market and for public policy. This article describes apartment residents today, discusses recent changes in their number and ...

The advantages of equal income tax rates for all businesses

Society of American Foresters position statements on income -taxes have historically advocated federal tax policies that encourage forest management investment. This paper recommends a different approach, based on the economic theory that from a financial view, economies tend to be most efficient ...

Stormwater quality management using integrated wetland and bio-remediation techniques: A demonstration project at Coors Field in Denver, Co.

Implementation of the Clean Water Act has significantly reduced point-source discharges t waters of the United States. Currently, the majority of pollution affecting surface waters attributed to remaining non-point sources. As a result, water resource specialists are becoming increaingly concerned ...

National recreation trails: A forgotten designation

What value does federal designation add to open space resources that are not all federally owned and managed? Over the years the federal government, under the auspices of the National Park Service and USDA Forest Service, has designated trails across the United States as National Recreation Trails. ...

Models of land use regulation adoption

Two basic models of community support for the adoption of land use controls have been developed. One model is based upon the sociological theory of innovation diffusion while the other comes from the economic theory of market failure. The relationship of each of these models to the constitutional ...

Mitigation of sedimentation problems in watersheds at the urban interface

The interface between urban and natural areas is often synonymous with the point where land becomes too steep to develop. This is true for many of the population centers in the southwestern United States. For these areas the primary sedimentation problem at the urban interface is basic: too much ...

Limits to policy: land use control in the USA

This article uses two different approaches to examine both the relationship between land and the law and the limits to policy for land use in the US. The first approach considers ways to circumvent the status of rights in land, and looks at their basis in traditional social attitudes and ...

Water quality and nonpoint source pollution

 

Water management issues for the nineties

This paper summarizes contemporary water management issues as recognized by 19 U.S. organizations. Only the issues are identified herein. Individual organization stands are not presented. Most suggestions for action are those of the author. Addresses of all organizations whose documents were ...

Urbanization of watersheds: Trends and implications

 

Urbanization of watersheds: Legal and regulatory problems

 

An integrated ecological-economic framework for assessing agricultural nonpoint source pollution in a watershed system

Today, I want to explore this water quality/nonpoint source (NPS) topic from three perspectives: First, I want to characterize the NPS pollution problem. Second, I want to discuss the State Board's NPS Program strategy to address NPS pollution. Finally, I'm going to discuss what we've accomplished ...

An approach to land-use control: the California land conservation act

Recognition of the nature of problems caused by urban growth in California has led to new legislation to cope with some of the operational difficulties faced by farmers in the urban fringe. Within this environment the California Land Conservation Act (Williamson Act) is intended to have its ...

Yields of selected constituents in base flow and storm flow in urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky, 1988-92

In 1988, the U.S. Geological Survey began a cooperative program with the Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District to assess the effects of urbanization on the water quality of streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky. This report presents mean annual base-flow and stormflow yields ...

Small towns and development: A tale from two countries

Urban centralization within the developing world has resulted in numerous sectoral problems within major cities, such as congestion, migration, poor housing, unemployment and environmental deterioration. As a result, urban analysts have directed attention to the development of small and ...

Rural land use and demographic change in a rapidly urbanizing environment

Aerial photographs taken in 1953, 1974 and 1982 of the two rapidly developing seacoast counties of New Hampshire were interpreted into six classes of land use, and the interpretations were overlaid in a grid-based geographic information system to locate and quantify land use change in 50 townships ...

The small town in the urban fringe: Conflicts in attitudes and values

In numerous surveys Americans have indicated a preference for the small town as the most desirable place in which to live, and people are now moving to small towns in increasing numbers. Three villages which have experienced population growth in recent years are examined in this article, and ...

The politics of approval: Regulating land use on the urban fringe

Criticisms of the processes by which land use decisions are made tend to dwell excessively on the costs associated with longer approval times. Inadequate recognition is given to the benefit sought by governmental regulation and to the increasingly more complex environment that now attends the ...

The opportunity cost of coastal land-use controls: An empirical analysis

For more than a decade demographers have been documenting the migration of the U. S. population from interior to coastal states. A belief that this trend will persist has led to concern about increased housing and commercial development in coastal areas. Added development brings water pollution and ...

Urban stormwater runoff contamination of the Chesapeake Bay: Sources and mitigation

A runoff modeling system incorporating urban land use, annual rainfall, and storm water concentration data for selected heavy metals, nutrients, and organics, has been applied to the following urban areas in the Chesapeake Bay region: Harrisburg, PA, Baltimore, MD, Washington, DC, and the Hampton ...

Estimating the benefits of urban stream restoration using the hedonic price method

The hedonic price method was used to estimate residents' willingness to pay for improvements in urban streams. This study examined California's Department of Water Resources Urban Stream Restoration Program to determine the economic value of stream restoration measures such as reducing flood damage ...

Estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for Wisconsin urban streams

Equations for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for Wisconsin streams with drainage basins containing various amounts of existing or projected urban development were developed by flood-frequency and multiple-regression analyses. Multiple-regression techniques were used to develop ...

Ecological effects of urbanized watersheds

 

Atmospheric deposition to the Chesapeake Bay watershed - regional and local sources

Atmospheric deposition is an important source of mercury to the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed. Estimates from our collections at four sites around the Chesapeake Bay and in western Maryland show that the regional wet flux is between 10 and 20 ug M-2 yr-\' with higher concentrations being found ...

Analysis of the British Columbia water quality index for watershed managers: A case study of two small watersheds

The use of indices in ecosystem management is attractive because it allows for the representation of a complex set of information on ecosystem variables in a simple fashion. Recently the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks developed the British Columbia Water Quality Index ...

Land use change in California, USA: Nonpoint source water quality impacts

California's population increased 25% between 1980 and 1990, resulting in rapid and extensive urbanization. Of a total 123,000 ha urbanized in 42 of the state's 58 counties between 1984 and 1990, an estimated 13% occurred on irrigated prime farmland, and 48% on wildlands or fallow marginal ...

Organically-bound ferrous iron (org.-Fe(II)) as an indicator of ecosystem health: A comparison of suburban and forested streams in the southeastern US

Iron is one of the essential micronutrients for phytoplankton growth. However, most iron in a flowing surface stream is oxidized to form ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) which phytoplankton cannot assimilate. Dissolved organic Matter (DOM) in streams act as a "vehicle" to complex with ferrous iron ...

Opportunity costs of preserving coastal wetlands: A case study of a recreational housing development

This article presents a case study of the development value of converting coastal wetlands into recreational housing lots at Captain’s Cove subdivision on Virginia’s Eastern Shore. The development value estimates are valid measures of the opportunity cost of prohibiting recreational ...

No drip, no flush, no growth: How cities can control growth beyond their boundaries by refusing to extend utility services

Recent decisions upholding zoning regulations and land-use decisions designed to protect against the adverse effects of urbanization support municipal exercise of the police power within its jurisdiction to effect planning goals. The fact that city action denying extension of municipal services ...

New directions in managing California watersheds at the urban interface

 

Fragmented watersheds: A special problem for urbanizing wildlands

As California's population continues to increase, the pressures at the interface between urban and wildlands will not only increase but will also take a variety of forms. One form of change has been the creation of so-called fragmented watersheds. This hybrid of natural and urbanized watersheds is ...

Forested wetland area and distribution: A detailed look at the south

Debate over the classification, protection, and management of forested wetlands has intensified in recent years. Federal agencies have classified US wetlands in various manners, leading to frequent protests by groups favoring more or less stringent criteria. In addition, wetland issues have faced ...

Contribution of stream channel erosion to sediment yield from an urbanizing watershed

Stream channel erosion has long been suspected as the major contributor to long-term sediment yield from urbanizing watersheds. For San Diego Creek in southern California, measurements from 1983 to 1993 showed that stream channel erosion furnished 10^5 megegrams per year of sediment, or about two ...

A wetland is a wetland is a wetland

Just as Gertrude Stein seemingly defined a rose somewhat generally, though irrefutably, the Supreme Court, is ruling in United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc. 106 S. CT. 455 (1985) defines wetlands in sweepingly general terms. In essence: A wetland is a wetland is a wetland. The Court's ...

A model for land use and water quality

This research provides and tests a descriptive model for the relationship of land use and water quality. The model specifies a chain of relations between land ownership and hydromodifications, between water parameters and water quality, between water quality and land use, and hydromodifications and ...

A landscape ecological model for wildlife enhancement of stormwater management practices in urban greenways

A spatial distribution model has been developed to predict the pattern of stormwater catchment facilities in developing urban areas. The model has been validated through comparison of predicted results with historical data in Guelph, Canada, using nearest neighbor analysis. The validated model has ...

Impervious surface coverage: The emergence of a key environmental indicator

Planners concerned with water resource protection in urbanizing areas must deal with the adverse impacts of polluted runoff. Impervious surface coverage is a quantifiable land-use indicator that correlates closely with these impacts. Once the role and distribution of impervious coverage are ...

Hydrology and physical effects of urbanized watersheds

 

Hydrologic trends in the upper Mississippi River basin

The Upper Mississippi River Basin has experienced considerable hydrologic change in the last two centuries as a result of removal of wetland areas, deforestation and subsequent reforestation, changes in agricultural practices, urbanization, navigation projects, and the construction of levees. It is ...

Historical changes in the ecological health of the Newark Bay estuary, New Jersey

A review of ecological conditions in the Newark Bay estuary over the past century was conducted to characterize chemical, physical, and biological indices of the health of the estuary and to evaluate the relationship of these trends with past and current urban-industrial influences within the ...

The emerging field of watershed protection

The Center for Watershed Protection was founded in 1992 to help link watershed practitioners together, and provide a forum for them to exchange ideas and experiences in the field. The organization's, Watershed Protection Techniques, will be providing reliable and accessible information on practical ...

The dimensions of land use conversion in California

 

Systemic analysis of urban water supply and growth management

Systems techniques offer civil engineers new tools for the analysis and synthesis of systemic issues, and they could be used more effectively in the urban growth and infrastructure arena. This paper dicusses three versions of systems techniques and compares their concepts with those of other ...

Suppression, fire behavior, and fire magnitudes in Californian chaparral at the urban/wildland interface

After nearly a century of suppression, there has been increasing debate that fire control efforts have altered chaparral fire regimes in ways that magnify the threat of burning, erosion, sedimentation and flooding.at the urban/wildland interface (e.g., Pyne 1982). To reverse this trend, there have ...